MP3
LossyMPEG-1 Audio Layer III
The universal audio format
MP3 is the most widely supported compressed audio format. It removes sounds the ear barely notices, shrinking music to about a tenth of its CD size.
- Strengths
- Plays on virtually every device, app and car stereo. Small files with good quality at 192–320 kbps.
- Limitations
- Lossy: some detail is lost with every encode. Less efficient than AAC or Opus at low bitrates.
WAV
LosslessWaveform Audio File Format
Uncompressed studio audio
WAV stores raw PCM audio exactly as it was recorded, without compression. It is the standard working format of audio editors, music production software and broadcasting.
- Strengths
- Perfect quality, instant to decode, and accepted by all editing software.
- Limitations
- Very large files (about 10 MB per minute at CD quality) and limited support for tags.
FLAC
LosslessFree Lossless Audio Codec
Lossless compression for music lovers
FLAC compresses audio without discarding anything: once decoded, it is bit-for-bit identical to the original, yet takes roughly half the space of WAV.
- Strengths
- No quality loss, 40–60% smaller than WAV, rich tags and cover art, open and royalty-free.
- Limitations
- Still much larger than MP3, and not supported by some older devices or by iTunes.
OGG
LossyOgg Vorbis
The open alternative to MP3
OGG files usually contain Vorbis audio, a free and patent-free lossy codec. It is common in video games, on Android and in open-source software.
- Strengths
- Better quality than MP3 at the same bitrate, and completely royalty-free.
- Limitations
- Not supported by the iPhone Music app and by many car stereos.
M4A
LossyMPEG-4 Audio
Apple's everyday music format
M4A is an MPEG-4 audio file, usually containing AAC. It is the standard format of Apple Music, iTunes and the iPhone Voice Memos app.
- Strengths
- Better quality than MP3 at the same size, with full support on Apple devices, Android and modern browsers.
- Limitations
- Some older players and car stereos only understand MP3.
M4R
LossyiPhone Ringtone
The iPhone ringtone format
M4R is an M4A (AAC) file with a different extension, which iPhones recognize as a ringtone or alert tone. iOS accepts ringtones of up to 40 seconds.
- Strengths
- The native ringtone format of the iPhone: small files with good quality.
- Limitations
- Only useful as a ringtone, and anything longer than 40 seconds is rejected by iOS.
AAC
LossyAdvanced Audio Coding
Efficient successor to MP3
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) was designed to replace MP3 and is used by YouTube, Apple and digital radio. An .aac file is a raw AAC stream without an MP4 container.
- Strengths
- Better sound than MP3 at the same bitrate, and broadly supported.
- Limitations
- Raw .aac files cannot hold cover art and seek less precisely than M4A.
OPUS
LossyOpus Interactive Audio Codec
The most efficient modern codec
Opus is an open, royalty-free codec designed for the internet. It powers WhatsApp voice messages, Discord, video calls in the browser and YouTube streaming.
- Strengths
- The best quality at low bitrates, great for both speech and music.
- Limitations
- Not supported by older devices, iTunes or many car stereos.
AIFF
LosslessAudio Interchange File Format
Apple's uncompressed audio format
AIFF is Apple's counterpart to WAV: uncompressed PCM audio used by Logic Pro, GarageBand and professional audio work on the Mac.
- Strengths
- Perfect quality, supports tags, and is standard in Mac music software.
- Limitations
- Files are as large as WAV, and the format is less common on Windows and Android.
WMA
LossyWindows Media Audio
Microsoft's legacy audio format
WMA (Windows Media Audio) comes from the Windows Media Player era. Many older music libraries and Windows recordings still use it.
- Strengths
- Small files with decent quality.
- Limitations
- Poor support on iPhone, Mac, Android and in modern apps — converting to MP3 or M4A fixes that.
APE
LosslessMonkey's Audio
Monkey's Audio lossless format
APE (Monkey's Audio) is a lossless format that compresses slightly better than FLAC. It is popular for CD rips in some music communities.
- Strengths
- Lossless, with excellent compression.
- Limitations
- Slow to decode, and barely supported by phones, car stereos and most players.
AMR
LossyAdaptive Multi-Rate
Voice recording format
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) is a speech codec designed for mobile phone calls. Many phones and voice recorders save calls and voice notes as AMR.
- Strengths
- Tiny files for speech.
- Limitations
- Phone-call sound quality that is unsuitable for music, and poor support on computers.
MP4
VideoMPEG-4 Part 14
Video with a soundtrack
MP4 is the most common video format, and its soundtrack is usually AAC. Converting it to an audio format keeps only the sound and drops the picture.
- Strengths
- Lets you keep the music, speech, lecture or podcast from a video.
- Limitations
- The picture is discarded: the result contains audio only.